Instructor
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Dr. Kamal Khan
PhD in Linguistics
University of Management and Technology, Lahore
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What is research?
Definitions of research
General characteristics of research
Functions of research
Specific characteristics of ELT research
Research in ELT (AL)
What is ELT research about?
Why is research in ELT important?
Demythologizing research
Identifying important questions in ELT
Classification of research
Major types of research
Educational research
Scientific ways to solve problems
Characteristics of an investigator
Assortment of a problem
Identification of a problem
Criteria for the selection of a problem
Defining a problem
Statement of a problem
Foundation of a hypothesis
Assumption, postulate and hypothesis
Functions and importance of a hypothesis
Kinds of a hypothesis
Characteristics of a good hypothesis
Variables in a hypothesis
Types of variables
The research variables combined
How to locate research?
HTLR: Searching answers for your questions
HTLR: Where to look and what to look for?
HTLR: Preliminary sources
HTLR: Secondary sources
Locating primary research: exploring databases
LPR II: Examples
LPR: Position papers vs primary research
LPR: Tables of references and bibliographies
LPR: Difference between primary & secondary sources
Obtaining ELT related research articles
Journals related to ELT research
Exploring ELT research journals
Sampling terminology
Sampling paradigms
The information-rich paradigm
Representative sampling paradigm
Ethics in sampling of human participants
Research planning and sampling
Meaning and Definition of sampling
Sampling techniques
Sampling designs
Characteristics of good sampling
Avoiding errors in sampling
AES: Size of sampling
AES: Internal validity
AES: External validity
AES: Representativeness
AES: Reliability of sampling
Classifying research designs
CRD: Three continua
CRD: The basic-applied continuum
CRD: The qualitative - quantitative continuum
CRD: The exploratory - confirmatory continuum
Questions and research designs
Q&D: The WHAT questions
Q&D: The WHAT questions (Examples)
Q&D: The WHY questions
Q&D: The WHY questions (Examples)
Q&RD: Extraneous factors to avoid
EFTA: History & maturation
EFTA: control group contamination
EFTA: Testing
EFTA: avoiding various factors
Data collection procedures
DCP: observational procedures
DCP: observational procedures examples
DCP: instrumental procedures
DCP: instrumental procedures examples
Qualities of a good data collection procedures
QofGDGP: Reliability issues
QofGDGP: Reliability issues (Examples)
QofGDGP: Validity issues
QofGDCP: Validity issues (Examples)
Understanding research results
URR: Numerical vs verbal data
URR: Presentation and analysis
URR: Evaluating the quality of data
URR: Evaluating explanations and conclusion
URR: Evaluating explanations and conclusion (Summary)
URR: Presentation and analysis of numerical data
URR: Understanding statistics of data
Understanding statistical procedures
Discussion: Main goals and writing approaches
Discussion: what is important (needed ingredients)?
Discussion: summarizing you key points (questions to be answered)
Discussion: defend your answers and their significance
Conclusion: key findings
Conclusion: logical next step
Conclusion: implication of finding
Conclusion: recommendations related to policy and practice
Conclusion: References, bibliography, work cited list and appendices
CRLR: what is important?
CRLR: why to write a LR?
CRLR: Structuring your LR?
CRLR: the multiple purposes of a LR
CRLR: including and excluding studies in your LR
DRLR: looking for sources and conducting searches
DRLR: Tips for finding relevant sources
DRLR: reading and note taking strategies
DRLR: adding your own comments – making connections
DRLR: the choice of reporting language
DRLR: techniques for writing a summary
DRLR: reference management, keeping record
DRLR: RMKR & organizing information II
WRLR: developing the structure of your LR
WRLR: being critical in your LR
WRLR: foregrounding writer’s voice
WRLR: the organization of your text
WRLR: reviewing your reviews
What is qualitative research?
Qualitative vs quantitative: basic differences
Sampling in qualitative research
Qualitative data
Common qualitative study designs
What is QDA?
Qualitative vs quantitative data analysis
Steps in QDA
Types of QDA
Choosing and using computer software
Use of computer software in qualitative studies
Choosing software for qualitative studies
Common qualitative software
What is an action research?
Meaning & definition of AR
Steps in AR
A framework of AR project
Suggestions for AR project
Introduction to SM
Purpose and uses of SM
Characteristics of SM
Steps involved in SM
Suggestions for SM project
Introduction to EM
Basic assumptions behind the experiment
Types of variables in EM
Designs of experiments
Procedures in EM
Characteristics of a good ED
Checking for errors in EM
Major designs in EM
Introduction to HR
Kinds of question in HR
Locating relevant sources in HR
Evaluating relevant sources in HR
Advantages and disadvantages in HR
What is a CS?
Factors of a CS
Types of CS
Criteria of a good CS
Steps in a CS
The framework of a research article
TFRA: finalizing your title
TFRA: finalizing your abstract
TFRA: writing an introduction to your study
TFRA: methodology section of your paper
TFRA: results section of your paper
TFRA: discussion and conclusion of your paper
Research proposal and synopsis
Writing a research proposal and synopsis
Components of a research proposal
Evaluating a research proposal
Conducting research and using research tools
MIAP: Evaluating sources
MIAP: Reading critically
MIAP: maintaining a working bibliography
MIAP: avoiding plagiarism and taking notes
American Psychological Association (APA): supporting a thesis
APA: citing sources – avoiding plagiarism
APA: integrating sources
APA: documenting sources
APA: manuscript format and sample paper
Studying literature (SL) I: the pre-critical response
Commenting on setting and plot
Commenting on characters and structure
Commenting on style and atmosphere
Commenting on theme
Introduction to textual scholarship, genre and source studies
Studying through textual scholarship
Studying through textual scholarship (examples)
Studying through genre studies
Studying through genre studies (examples)
Studying through source studies
Studying through source studies (examples)
Introduction to historical biographical approach
Historical biographical method: practice I
Historical biographical method: practice II
Introduction to moral philosophical approach
Moral philosophical method: practice I
Moral philosophical method: practice II
MLA: citing sources – avoiding plagiarism
MLA: documenting and integrating sources
MLA: manuscript format and sample paper
CMS: citing sources – avoiding plagiarism
CMS: documenting and integrating sources
CMS: manuscript format and sample paper
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