Course Overview
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Course Synopsis
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This course introduces students to the fundamentals of animal physiology and their behavior. It provide information about the physiological mechanisms including neuro-endocrine, cardiac, pulmonary, renal, digestive systems etc. It also impart knowledge about animal responses to external stimuli along with neurophysiological basis of behavior.
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Course Learning Outcomes
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Homeostatic regulations, Body functions, Behavioral responses.
- The students will become familiar with the basic facts and principles of Animal Physiology.
- The students will be able to describe and explain, in physiological terms, the functional anatomy of the major organ-systems found in animal bodies.
- Students will also gain basic information about the laboratory techniques and equipment used in physiological experiments and research
- The study of animal behavior will enable the students to understand the neurologic basis and evolution of advanced animal behavior.
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Course Calendar
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Week 01
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1
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The Spectrum of Study of Physiology
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2
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Central Themes in Physiology
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3
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Structure-Function Relationships
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4
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Adaptation, Acclimatization And Acclimation
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5
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Principle of Homeostasis
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6
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Feedback Control Systems
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7
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Conformity and Regulation
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9
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Diffusion and Membrane Flux
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10
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The Facilitated Diffusion
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12
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Ion Distribution Across The Plasma Membrane
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13
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Active Transport and Na K Pump
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14
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Membrane Potential and Membrane Excitation
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16
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Resting Membrane Potential
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18
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General Properties of Action Potentials I
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19
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General Properties of Action Potentials II
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Week 02
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20
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Ionic Basis of Action Potential
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21
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Ion channels—Localization and Characterization
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22
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Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels
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23
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Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels
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24
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Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels
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25
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Structural Features of Neuron
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26
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Transmission of Signals in the Nervous System
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27
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Transmission of Signals in a Single Neuron
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28
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Propagation of Action Potentials
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30
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Axon Myelination and Saltatory Conduction
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31
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Synapses and Their Types (Electrical Synapses)
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32
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Synapses and Their Types (Chemical Synapses)
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33
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Mechanism of Release of Neurotransmitters
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34
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Excitatory and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
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35
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Neurotransmitters (Diversity and Classification)
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36
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Fast, Direct Neurotransmitters
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37
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Slow, Indirect Neurotransmitters
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38
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Neuropeptides (Endorphins and Enkephalins)
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Assignment 1
Week 03
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39
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Receptors in Fast, Direct Neurotransmission
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40
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Receptors in Slow, Indirect Neurotransmission
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43
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Sensory Stimuli, Sensory Organs and Receptor Cells
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44
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Sensations and Quality of Stimulus
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45
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Sensory Modalities and Receptor Types
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46
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Properties of Receptor Cells
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50
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Chemoreceptors (Taste and Smell Receptors)
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51
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Mechanism of Taste Reception
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52
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Mechanism of Olfactory Reception
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Week 04
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58
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Sound Transduction by Cochlear Hair Cells
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59
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Frequency Analysis by Cochlea
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62
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Photoreception (Basics)
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63
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The Vertebrate Eye (Structural Physiology)
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64
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Visual Receptor Cells of Vertebrates
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65
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Visual Pigments and Their Photochemistry-I
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66
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Visual Pigments and Their Photochemistry-II
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68
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Glands, Secretions and Secretory Mechanisms
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70
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Vertebrate Endocrine System (An Overview)
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71
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Hormones and Their Properties
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72
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Chemical Types and Functions of Hormones
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74
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Neuro-Endocrine Role of Hypothalamus
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75
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Pituitary Gland and Its Hormones
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76
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Adenohypophysis (Tropic Hormones)
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GDB
Week 05
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77
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Adenohypophysis (Non-Tropic Hormones)
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78
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Hormones of Neurohypophysis
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79
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Thyroid Gland and Its Hormones
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80
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Parathyroid Gland and Its Hormones
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82
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Catecholamines (Synthesis and Release)
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83
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Catecholamines (Effects and Mode of Action)
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84
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Adrenal Cortex (Corticosteroids)
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85
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Pancreas (Insulin and Glucagon Hormones)
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86
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Role of Testes as Endocrine Tissue
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87
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Role of Ovaries as Endocrine Tissue
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90
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Metabolic and Developmental Hormones
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91
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Hormones for Water Regulation and Ion Balance
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95
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Mechanisms of Hormone Action
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Quiz 1
Week 06
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96
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Lipid Soluble Hormones (Mechanism of Action)
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97
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Lipid Insoluble Hormones (Intracellular Signaling)
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98
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Cyclic Nucleotide Signaling Systems
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99
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Inositol Phospholipid and Ca+2 Signaling Systems
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100
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The Structure of Muscle
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101
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Myofilament Substructure
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102
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Contraction of Muscle (Sliding Filament Theory)
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103
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Role of ATP in Cross Bridge Working
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104
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Production of Force for Sliding of Filaments
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105
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Role of Calcium in Contraction
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106
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Excitation Contraction Coupling
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107
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T-Tubules (Propagation of AP into the Myofibril)
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108
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
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109
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Membrane Receptors in Triads
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110
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Summary of Muscle Contraction Mechanism
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111
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Isometric and Isotonic Contractions
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112
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Muscle Twitch and Tetanus
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113
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Neural Control of Muscle Contraction
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Week 07
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115
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Lever System of the Body
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118
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Excitatory and Conductive System of Heart
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120
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Autorhythmicity of Pacemaker
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121
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Role of Ion Channels in Self Excitation
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122
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Transmission of Excitation Over the Heart
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123
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Effect of ACh and Catecholamines on Excitation
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124
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Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume
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125
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Changes in Pressure and Flow During One Beat
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126
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Work Done by the Heart
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127
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Electrocardiogram (ECG)
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129
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Introduction to Hemodynamics
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130
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Laminar and Turbulent Flow
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131
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Relationship Between Pressure and Flow
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132
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Vascular Resistance to Flow
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Mid Term
Week 08
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134
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Compliance in Circulatory System
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135
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Peripheral Circulation
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137
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Effect of Gravity on Pressure and Flow
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138
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Counter Current Exchangers
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139
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Capillaries and Microcirculation
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140
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Capillary Pressure and Flow
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141
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Regulatory Controls of Circulation
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142
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Central Control of Cardiovascular System
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143
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Arterial Baroreceptors
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144
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Arterial Chemoreceptors
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146
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Nervous Control of Microcirculation
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147
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Local Control of Microcirculation
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148
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Respiration (General Considerations)
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150
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Transport of Oxygen in Blood
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151
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Transport of Carbon Dioxide in Blood
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Assignment 2
Week 09
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153
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Functional Anatomy of Mammalian Lungs
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154
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Lung Volumes and Capacities
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155
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Mechanism of Lung Ventilation in Mammals
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156
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Mechanism of Ventilation in Birds
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157
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Mechanism of Lung Ventilation in Reptiles
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158
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Mechanism of Ventilation of Lungs in Frogs
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159
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Pulmonary Surfactants and Alveolar Collapse
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160
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Neural Control of Breathing
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161
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Factors Affecting Breathing
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162
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Respiratory Responses to Hypoxia
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163
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Respiratory Responses to Hypercapnia
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164
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Respiratory Responses to Diving
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165
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Gas Exchange Across Gills of Fishes
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166
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Functional Anatomy of Gills of Fishes
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167
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Osmoregulation and Excretion
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168
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Osmoregulators and Osmoconformers
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169
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Osmoregulation in Aquatic Environments
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170
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Osmoregulation in Fresh Water Animals
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171
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Osmoregulation in Marine Animals
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Quiz 2
Week 10
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172
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Osmoregulation in Terrestrial Animals
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173
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Osmoregulation in Desert Living Animals
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174
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Osmoregulation in Marine Mammals
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175
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Osmoregulation in Terrestrial Arthropods
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176
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Mammalian Kidney (Anatomy)
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177
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Mammalian Kidney (Anatomy of Nephron)
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178
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Blood Supply to the Nephron
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179
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Urine Production (Overview)
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180
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Glomerular Filtration
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183
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Glomerular Filtration Rate
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184
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Regulation of pH by Kidneys
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185
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Urine Concentrating Mechanisms
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186
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Renal Regulatory Mechanisms
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187
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Nitrogenous Wastes in Animals
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188
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Excretion of Ammonia (Ammonotelic Animals)
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189
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Excretion of Urea (Ureotelic Animals)
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190
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Excretion of Uric Acid (Uricotelic Animals)
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Quiz 3
Week 11
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191
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Overview of the Alimentary Systems
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192
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Generalized Alimentary Canal
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194
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Foregut (Esophagus and Crop)
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196
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Midgut (Small Intestine)
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197
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Absorptive Epithelium of Intestine
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198
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Hindgut (Large Intestine)
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199
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Motility of the Alimentary Canal
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200
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Muscular and Ciliary Motility
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202
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Control of Alimentary Canal Motility
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203
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Gastrointestinal Secretions
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204
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Exocrine Secretions—Water, Mucus and Ions
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205
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Exocrine Secretions—Bile and Bile Salts
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206
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Digestive Enzymes (Proteases)
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207
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Digestive Enzymes (Carbohydrases and Lipases)
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209
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Control of Digestive Secretions
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Week 12
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210
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Control of Salivary and Gastric Secretions
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211
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Control of Intestinal and Pancreatic Secretions
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212
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Absorption of Food in Intestine
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213
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Absorption Mechanisms
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214
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Absorption by Active Transport and Endocytosis
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215
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Transport of Nutrients
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216
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Water and Electrolyte Absorption
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217
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Homeotherms and Poikilotherms
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218
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Endotherms and Ectotherms
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220
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Ectotherms in Cold and Freezing Environments
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221
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Ectotherms in Hot Environments
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222
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Costs and Benefits of Ectothermy
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223
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Temperature Relations of Heterotherms
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224
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TNZ, LCT and UCT for Endotherms
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225
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Temperature Relations of Endotherms
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226
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Thermogenesis in Endotherms
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227
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Endothermy in Cold Environments
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228
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Countercurrent Heat Exchange Systems
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Week 13
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229
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Endothermy in Hot Environments
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231
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Thermostatic Role of Hypothalamus
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232
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Thermoregulatory Centers in
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234
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Thermoregulation During Exercise
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235
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Dormant States (Sleep and Torpor)
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236
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Hibernation, Winter Sleep and Estivation
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237
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Animal Behavior (Basics)
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238
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Scientific Approaches
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239
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Neurosensory Basis of Behavior
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241
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Inborn, Innate or Instinctive Behaviors
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242
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Fixed Action Patterns
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243
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Animal Orientation, Kinesis and Taxis
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244
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Animal Navigation and Migration
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246
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Animal Signals and Communication
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247
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Pheromones and Chemical Communication
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Week 14
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248
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Genes & Environment in Behavior Development
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249
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Habituation and Imprinting
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250
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Spatial Learning and Cognitive Maps
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252
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Cognition and Problem Solving
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254
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Foraging Model (Risk and Reward Balance)
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255
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Mating Behaviors and Systems
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257
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Sexual Selection and Mate Choice
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259
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Social Behavior (Living in Groups)
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262
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Kin Selection and Inclusive Fitness
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265
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Evolution and Human Culture
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Final Term
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